Last edited by dinosauriac ; Jan 29, 2019 @ 7:03am #7 Showing 1 - 7 of 7 comments The front part of the dentary curved outwards to accommodate the large front teeth, and this area formed the mandibular part of the rosette.

Baryonyx (/ˌbæriˈɒnɪks/) is a genus of theropod dinosaur which lived in the Barremian stage of the Early Cretaceous period, about 130–125 million years ago. The ischium (lower and rearmost hip bone) had a well developed obturator process at the upper part. [28][40][28] They also united the spinosaurids and their closest relatives in the superfamily Spinosauroidea, but in 2010, the British palaeontologist Roger Benson considered this a junior synonym of Megalosauroidea (an older name). Selling Price: 6,000, Statistics  Carnivore . It took six years of almost constant preparation to get all the bones out of the rock, and by the end, dental tools and air mallets had to be used under a microscope. Unlike crocodiles, the post-cranial skeletons of baryonychine spinosaurids do not appear to have aquatic adaptations. Resting on or using the forelimbs for locomotion may have been possible (as indicated by tracks of a resting theropod), but if this was the norm, the forelimbs would probably have showed adaptations for this. Total Sprint Duration: 2 mins 35secs The lacrimal bone in front of the eye appears to have formed a horn core similar to those seen, for example, in Allosaurus, and was distinct from other spinosaurids in being solid and almost triangular. They also presented circumstantial evidence for piscivory, such as crocodile-like adaptations for catching and swallowing prey: long, narrow jaws with their "terminal rosette", similar to those of a gharial, and the downturned tip and notch of the snout. Velociraptor is not only the obsession of small dinosaurs like Zephyrosaurus but also brings fear to even larger dinosaurs like Tenontosaurus. 1 - 25( Adult: ) . It's bite was several hundred pounds stronger than an Average Bull Shark. Purchase Price: 40,000 . Since the Smokejacks Pit consists of different stratigraphic levels, fossil taxa found there are not necessarily contemporaneous. 1 - 25( Adult: ) . [48][47] Sereno and colleagues proposed in 1998 that the large thumb-claw and robust forelimbs of spinosaurids evolved in the Middle Jurassic, before the elongation of the skull and other adaptations related to fish-eating, since the former features are shared with their megalosaurid relatives. The B. walkeri holotype was found in the latter, in clay representing non-marine still water, which has been interpreted as a fluvial or mudflat environment with shallow water, lagoons, and marshes. England, Europe [15] In 1999, a postorbital, squamosal, tooth, vertebral remains, metacarpals (hand bones), and a phalanx from the Sala de los Infantes deposit in Burgos Province, Spain, were attributed to an immature Baryonyx (though some of these elements are unknown in the holotype) by the Spanish palaeontologist Carolina Fuentes Vidarte and colleagues. Diet

[3] The terminal rosette in the upper jaw of the holotype had thirteen dental alveoli (tooth sockets), six on the left and seven on the right side, showing tooth count asymmetry. 5 - 180( Adult: ). The area where the specimen died seems to have been suitable for a piscivorous animal. Baryonyx was about 9 meters in length and weighed 1.2 tons; although the holotype specimen may not have been fully grown at the time of death. Spinosaurids may also have turned to aquatic habitats and piscivory to avoid competition with large, more-terrestrial theropods. Bleed Damage( per Bite / Hit ) The orientation of the bones indicates that the carcass lay on its back (perhaps tilted slightly to the left, with the right side upwards), which may explain why all the lower teeth had fallen out of their sockets and some upper teeth were still in place. The fact that elements of the skull and vertebral column of the B. walkeri holotype specimen (NHM R9951) do not appear to have co-ossified (fused) suggests that the individual was not fully grown, and the mature animal may have been much larger (as is the case for some other spinosaurids). testing behavioral inferences through comparisons with modern fish-eating tetrapods", "Convergent evolution of jaws between spinosaurid dinosaurs and pike conger eels", "A buoyancy, balance and stability challenge to the hypothesis of a semi-aquatic, "The "χ" of the Matter: Testing the Relationship between Paleoenvironments and Three Theropod Clades", "Calcium isotopes offer clues on resource partitioning among Cretaceous predatory dinosaurs", "Semi-aquatic adaptations in a spinosaur from the Lower Cretaceous of Brazil", "A review of Lower and Middle Cretaceous dinosaurs of England", "First report of amphibians and lizards from the Wealden (Lower Cretaceous) in England", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baryonyx&oldid=986439398, Wikipedia articles published in peer-reviewed literature, Wikipedia articles published in WikiJournal of Science, Wikipedia articles published in peer-reviewed literature (W2J), Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia articles incorporating text from open access publications, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 31 October 2020, at 21:40. They also reported that the possible Portuguese Baryonyx fossils were found associated with isolated Iguanodon teeth, and listed it along with other such associations as support for opportunistic feeding behaviour in spinosaurs. They found Baryonyx to be unlike any other theropod group, and considered the possibility that it was a thecodont (a grouping of early archosaurs now considered unnatural), due to having apparently primitive features,[1] but noted that the articulation of the maxilla and premaxilla was similar to that in Dilophosaurus. One elongated neural spine indicates it may have had a hump or ridge along the centre of its back. [19][24], Charig and Milner presented a possible scenario explaining the taphonomy (changes during decay and fossilisation) of the B. walkeri holotype specimen. [61] In 2016, Sales and colleagues statistically examined the fossil distribution of spinosaurids, abelisaurids, and carcharodontosaurids, and concluded that spinosaurids had the strongest support for association with coastal palaeoenvironments. ( Juvie: ) . Specimens later discovered in other parts of the United Kingdom and Iberia have also been assigned to the genus. They attributed the disappearance of spinosaurids and other shifts in the fauna of Gondwana to changes in the environment, perhaps caused by transgressions in sea level. Although it probably lived near water, Baryonyx shows none of the adaptations to swimming that the more derived Suchomimusshows, indicating it likely wasn't as aquatically-inclined.

The axis (the second neck vertebra) was small relative to the size of the skull and had a well-developed hyposphene.

[44] In a 2007 conference abstract, the American palaeontologist Denver W. Fowler suggested that since Suchosaurus is the first named genus in its group, the clade names Spinosauroidea, Spinosauridae, and Baryonychinae should be replaced by Suchosauroidea, Suchosauridae, and Suchosaurinae, regardless of whether or not the name Baryonyx is retained. [3] In 2004, a pterosaur neck vertebra from Brazil with a spinosaurid tooth embedded in it reported by Buffetaut and colleagues confirmed that the latter were not exclusively piscivorous. [3] Larger fish would be broken up with the claws. Its climate was sub-tropical, similar to the present Mediterranean region. [3][37][6][40], In their original description, Charig and Milner[1] found Baryonyx unique enough to warrant a new family of theropod dinosaurs: Baryonychidae. [28] The American palaeontologist Paul Sereno and colleagues named the new genus and species Suchomimus tenerensis later in 1998, based on more complete fossils from the Elrhaz Formation.

[75] The Papo Seco Formation of Portugal where Baryonyx has possibly been identified is composed of marl, representing a lagoon environment. The first four alveoli of the dentary (corresponding to the tip of the upper jaw) were the largest, with the rest more regular in size. The specific name honours Walker, for discovering the specimen. 9 - 15 [18], In 2011, a specimen (ML1190) from the Papo Seco Formation in Boca do Chapim, Portugal, with a fragmentary dentary, teeth, vertebrae, ribs, hip bones, a scapula, and a phalanx bone, was attributed to Baryonyx by the Portuguese palaeontologist Octávio Mateus and colleagues, the most complete Iberian remains of the animal. . [33] Another 2016 study by the French palaeontologist Romain Vullo and colleagues found that the jaws of spinosaurids were convergent with those of pike conger eels; these fish also have jaws that are compressed side to side (whereas the jaws of crocodilians are compressed from top to bottom), an elongated snout with a "terminal rosette" that bears enlarged teeth, and a notch behind the rosette with smaller teeth.

Apart from its size, the claw's proportions were fairly typical of a theropod, i.e. 190 - 1.450 kg For a more complete gallery, visit Baryonyx/gallery. The mandibular symphysis, where the two halves of the lower jaw connected at the front, was particularly short. Baryonyx was unique among spinosaurids in having a marked constriction from side to side in a vertebra that either belonged to the sacrum or front of the tail. One isolated dorsal neural spine was moderately elongated and slender, indicating that Baryonyx may have had a hump or ridge along the centre of its back (though incipiently developed compared to those of other spinosaurids).

[52], In 1997, Charig and Milner demonstrated direct dietary evidence in the stomach region of the B. walkeri holotype. 1.5 h, 90 m ( 0.5 - 1.0 ) [3] The carinae (sharp front and back edges) of the teeth were finely serrated with denticles on the front and back, and extended all along the crown. [3][2] Most of the bones of Portuguese specimen ML1190 were damaged, and some scratches may be marks from small scavengers. [3][33], Initially thought to have lacked the sigmoid curve typical of theropods,[3] the neck of Baryonyx does appear to have formed an S shape, though straighter than in other theropods. ( Juvie: ) . It probably used it… 41.3 km/h. [71][72] The plants Weichselia and the aquatic, herbaceous Bevhalstia were common. Instead, they suggested the jaws would have made sideways sweeps to catch fish, like the gharial, with the hand claws probably used to stamp down and impale large fish, whereafter they manipulated them with their jaws, in a manner similar to grizzly bears and fishing cats. x* (Bary weight / Target weight)( Juvie: ) .. . [39] A rugose (roughly wrinkled) surface suggests the presence of a horny pad in the roof of the mouth. We just need to apply to the Baryonyx as it did for the Suchomimus. The radius was short, stout and straight, and less than half the length of the humerus, while the ulna was a little longer. The creature would have caught and processed its prey primarily with its forelimbs and large claws. 5 - 180( Adult: ). Baryonyx was the first large Early Cretaceous theropod found anywhere in the world by that time. They suggested that the ability to dig would have been useful when excavating nests, digging for water, or to reach some kinds of prey. [3][2] A team of eight museum staff members and several volunteers excavated 2 metric tons (2.2 short tons; 2.0 long tons) of rock matrix in 54 blocks over a three-week period. The full length of the skull is estimated to have been 91–95 centimetres (36–37 inches) long, based on comparison with that of the related genus Suchomimus (which was 20% larger). [27], In 1997, Charig and Milner noted that two fragmentary spinosaurid snouts from the Elrhaz Formation of Niger (reported by the French palaeontologist Philippe Taquet in 1984) were similar enough to Baryonyx that they considered them to belong to an indeterminate species of the genus (despite their much younger Aptian geological age).